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1、I’mgoingtotalktodayaboutenergyandclimate.Andthatmightseemabitsurprisingbecausemyfull-timeworkatthefoundationismostlyaboutvaccinesandseeds,aboutthethingsthatweneedtoinventanddelivertohelpthepooresttwobillionlivebetterlives.Butenergyandclimateareextremely
2、importanttothesepeople,infact,moreimportantthananyoneelseontheplanet.Theclimategettingworsemeansthatmanyyearsthatmanyyears,theircropswon’tgrow.Therewillbetoomuchrain,notenoughrain,thingswillchangeinwaysthattheirfragileenvironmentsimplycan’tsupport.Andth
3、atleadstostarvation,itleadstouncertainty,itleadstounrest.So,thepriceofenergyisveryimportanttothem.Infact,ifyoucouldpickjustonethingtolowerth-epriceof,toreducepoverty,byfaryouwouldpickenergy.Now,thepriceofenergyhasbecomedownovertime.Reallyadvancedciviliz
4、ationisbasedonadvancesinenergy.ThecoalrevolutionfueledtheIndustrialRevolution,and,evenin1990swe’veseenaveryrapiddeclineinthepriceofelectricity,andthat’swhywehaverefrigerators,air-conditioning,wecanmakemodernmaterialsanddosomanythings.Andso,we’reinawonde
5、rfulsituationwithelectricityintherichworld.But,aswemakeitcheaper-andlet’sgoformakingittwiceascheap-weneedtomeetanewconstrain,andthatconstrainhastodowithCO2.CO2iswarningtheplanet,andtheequationonCO2isactuallyaverystraightforwardone.IfyousumuptheCO2thatge
6、tsemitted,thatleadstoatemperatureincrease,andthattemperatureincreaseleadstosomeverynegativeeffects:theeffectsontheweather,perhapsworse,theindirecteffects,inthatthenatureecosystemscan’tadjusttotheserapidchanges,andsoyougetecosystemcollapses.Now,theexacta
7、mountofhowyoumapfromacertainincreaseofCO2towhattemperaturewillbeandwherethepositivefeedbackare,there’ssomeuncertaintythere,butnotverymuch.Andthere’scertainlyuncertaintyabouthowbadthoseeffectswillbe,buttheywillbeextremelybad.Iaskedthetopscientistsonthiss
8、everaltimes.Dowereallyhavetogetdowntonearzero?Can’twejustcutitinhalforaquarter?Andtheansweristhatuntilwegetneartozero,thetemperaturewillcontinuetorise.Andsothat’sabigchallenge.It’sverydifferentthansaying“We’reatwelve-foot-hightru
