免費·初中英語必備學習資料-語法規(guī)則速查速記

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初中英語語法規(guī)則速查速記一、可數(shù)名詞復數(shù)形式的規(guī)則變化變化規(guī)則例詞boat寅boats/b藜尬ts/船一般名詞后加鄄sbag寅bags/b覸gz/包bus寅buses/蘺b蘧sIz/公共汽車以/s/、/z/、/蘩/、/廾/、/t蘩/、box寅boxes/蘺b鬑ksIz/盒子/d廾/等音素結(jié)尾的名watch寅watches/蘺w鬑t蘩Iz/手表詞后加鄄es；如果詞尾rose寅roses/蘺r藜尬zIz/玫瑰為e,只加鄄s注意：stomach/蘺澤賊蘧皂藜噪/胃，結(jié)尾的音是/k/，所以復數(shù)為stomachs。baby寅babies/蘺beIbIz/嬰兒以“輔音字母+y”結(jié)study寅studies/蘺st蘧dIz/書房尾的名詞，變y為i再加鄄es；以“元音字day寅days/deIz/日子母+y”結(jié)尾的名詞，boy寅boys/b蘅Iz/男孩直接加鄄stoy寅toys/t蘅Iz/玩具tomato寅tomatoes/t藜蘺m藁蘼t藜尬z/西紅柿以“輔音字母垣o”結(jié)potato寅potatoes/p藜蘺teIt藜尬z/土豆尾的名詞多數(shù)情況hero寅heroes/蘺hI藜r藜尬z/英雄下加鄄es；以“元音字Negro寅Negroes/蘺ni蘼gr藜尬z/黑人母垣o”結(jié)尾的名詞一巧記：黑人英雄愛吃土豆西紅柿。般加鄄s，但也有例外radio—radios/蘺reIdI藜尬z/收音機piano—pianos/責隕蘺覸灶藜尬扎/鋼琴1

1變化規(guī)則例詞life寅lives/造葬隕增扎/生命thief寅thieves/夼i蘼vz/小偷knife寅knives/n葬Ivz/刀子以鄄f或鄄fe結(jié)尾的名leaf寅leaves/造蚤蘼增扎/樹葉詞，大多數(shù)變鄄f或注意：以下幾個詞加鄄s：鄄fe為鄄vesroof寅roofs房頂belief寅beliefs信仰chief寅chiefs領袖mouth/m葬尬夼/寅mouths/m葬尬奩z/嘴注意：也有th的讀音/夼/不變或兩者皆可的。以鄄th結(jié)尾的名詞，month/m蘧n夼/寅months/m蘧n夼s/一般加鄄s月份truth/tru蘼夼/寅truths/tru蘼夼s/或/tru蘼奩z/真理二、可數(shù)名詞復數(shù)形式的不規(guī)則變化變化規(guī)則例詞man寅men男子改變內(nèi)部元音字母tooth寅teeth牙齒的情況goose寅geese鵝在詞尾加（鄄r）en的child寅children兒童情況ox寅oxen公牛sheep綿羊deer鹿單復數(shù)同形的名詞fish魚means方式，方法species種類series連續(xù)；叢書2

2變化規(guī)則例詞Chinese寅Chinese中國人“某國人”的復數(shù)形Japanese寅Japanese日本人式：表示“某國人”的Englishman寅Englishmen英國人名詞變復數(shù)時遵循American寅Americans美國人規(guī)律：中日不變，英注意：German（德國人）的復數(shù)形式法變，其他要把鄄s添。為Germans。拓展一些英語外來詞的不規(guī)則復數(shù)形式：analysis寅analyses分析basis寅bases基礎crisis寅crises危機medium寅media媒介物三、復合名詞的復數(shù)變化規(guī)則例詞runner鄄up寅runners鄄up亞軍復合名詞變復數(shù)時，editor鄄in鄄chief寅editors鄄in鄄chief通常只將其中的主總編輯體名詞變成復數(shù)brother鄄in鄄law寅brothers鄄in鄄law姐夫passer鄄by寅passers鄄by過路人如果沒有主體名grown鄄up寅grown鄄ups成年人詞，則將最后一部hang鄄up寅hang鄄ups障礙分變成復數(shù)go鄄between寅go鄄betweens中間人由man,woman構(gòu)成mandoctor寅mendoctors男醫(yī)生的復合名詞，前后都womandriver寅womendrivers女司機變?yōu)閺蛿?shù)形式3

3變化規(guī)則例詞一部分以man,policeman寅policemen警察woman結(jié)尾的合gentleman寅gentlemen紳士成詞，在變成復數(shù)注意：human寅humans（人類），German時與man,woman寅Germans（德國人）不是合成詞，在變的變化形式相同成復數(shù)時只在詞尾加鄄s。四、名詞鄄’s所有格的構(gòu)成規(guī)則情況構(gòu)成例詞theboy’sbike男孩的自行車Lucy’smother單數(shù)名詞詞尾加鄄’s露西的母親Mary’sschool瑪麗的學校theteachers’office以s結(jié)尾的老師的辦公室詞尾加鄄’復數(shù)名詞myparents’home我父母的家thewomen’schangingroom不以s結(jié)尾女更衣室詞尾加鄄’s的復數(shù)名詞children’sfriend孩子們的朋友以s結(jié)尾的Engles’/Engles’sworks詞尾加鄄’或鄄’s專有名詞恩格斯的著作hisdaughter鄄in鄄law’scar復合名詞末尾的詞加鄄’s他兒媳婦的車4

4歸納構(gòu)成不同節(jié)日時用鄄蒺s所有格：Valentine蒺sDay情人節(jié)Women蒺sDay婦女節(jié)Children蒺sDay兒童節(jié)Father蒺sDay父親節(jié)Mother蒺sDay母親節(jié)Teachers蒺Day教師節(jié)NewYear蒺sDay新年五、形容詞、副詞比較等級的構(gòu)成規(guī)則1.規(guī)則變化類別構(gòu)成方法原級比較級最高級一般在詞尾加鄄er,鄄esttalltallertallest以不發(fā)音的e結(jié)尾largelargerlargest時，在詞尾加鄄r,鄄stnicenicernicest單音節(jié)以“輔音字母+y”結(jié)easyeasiereasiest詞和少尾的雙音節(jié)詞，變ybusybusierbusiest數(shù)雙音為i，再加鄄er,鄄esthappyhappierhappiest節(jié)詞以一個輔音字母結(jié)尾的重讀閉音節(jié)的單音bigbiggerbiggest節(jié)詞或少數(shù)雙音節(jié)hothotterhottest詞，雙寫末尾的輔音thinthinnerthinnest字母，再加鄄er,鄄est多音節(jié)moremostimportant詞和部在原級前加more,importantimportant分雙音mostmoremostquickly節(jié)詞quicklyquickly5

52.不規(guī)則變化原級比較級最高級good（好的）/well（健康的；好）betterbestbad（壞的）/badly（壞）/ill（有病的）worseworstold（老的）older/elderoldest/eldestmuch/many（多的）moremostlittle（少的）lessleastfar（遠的/地）farther/furtherfarthest/furthest六、動詞的各種形式1.規(guī)則動詞的5種基本形式一般現(xiàn)在時第原形過去式過去分詞現(xiàn)在分詞三人稱單數(shù)workworksworkedworkedworkingstudystudiesstudiedstudiedstudyingstopstopsstoppedstoppedstoppingplayplaysplayedplayedplaying2.第三人稱單數(shù)形式的變化規(guī)則規(guī)則例詞一般動詞加鄄srun寅runslike寅likes以［澤］、［蘩］、［賊蘩］音素結(jié)尾和pass寅passeswash寅washes以字母鄄o結(jié)尾的動詞加鄄esteach寅teachesgo寅goes以“輔音字母+y”結(jié)尾的動詞，study寅studies變y為i再加鄄estry寅tries6

63.規(guī)則動詞的過去式和過去分詞的變化規(guī)則規(guī)則例詞work寅worked寅worked一般動詞加鄄edhelp寅helped寅helped以不發(fā)音的鄄e結(jié)尾的直接like寅liked寅liked加鄄dlive寅lived寅lived以“輔音字母+y”結(jié)尾的，變carry寅carried寅carriedy為i再加鄄edstudy寅studied寅studied以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾，且詞尾stop寅stopped寅stopped只有一個輔音字母的，雙寫plan寅planned寅planned這個輔音字母再加鄄ed拓展在英式英語中，travel的過去式和過去分詞為travelled,travelled，而在美式英語中為traveled,traveled。類似的動詞還有quarrel,model,control,dial,signal,worship,focus等。七、現(xiàn)在分詞的變化規(guī)則規(guī)則例詞read寅reading一般情況下直接加鄄ingbuy寅buyinglive寅living以不發(fā)音的字母鄄e結(jié)尾的，去掉e再加鄄ingwrite寅writing以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾，且詞尾只有一個輔sit寅sitting音字母的，雙寫這個輔音字母再加鄄ingbegin寅beginningdie寅dying少數(shù)以鄄ie結(jié)尾的,先變ie為y,再加鄄inglie寅lyingsee寅seeing以鄄oe,鄄ee,鄄ye結(jié)尾的，直接加鄄ingagree寅agreeing7

7八、情態(tài)動詞的形式情態(tài)動詞否定式簡略否定式備注cannot或cannot不用于英式cancan蒺tcannot英語。couldcouldnotcouldn蒺tmaymaynotmayn蒺tmayn蒺t現(xiàn)在不常用。mightmightnotmightn蒺tmustmustnotmustn蒺t口語中可用havehavetodonothavetodon蒺thavetogotto。oughtn蒺tto只用于oughttooughtnottooughtn蒺tto英式英語。willwillnotwon蒺twouldwouldnotwouldn蒺tshan蒺t只用于英式shallshallnotshan蒺t英語。shouldshouldnotshouldn蒺tneedneednotneedn蒺t可用作實義動詞。daredarenotdaren蒺t可用作實義動詞。hadbetterhadbetternotusednottousedn蒺tto主要用于書面語。usedtodidnotusetodidn蒺tuseto主要用于口語。8

8九、各種時態(tài)的構(gòu)成方式一般時態(tài)進行時態(tài)完成時態(tài)完成進行時態(tài)時間一般現(xiàn)在現(xiàn)在進行現(xiàn)在完成進現(xiàn)在完成時時時行時現(xiàn)在is/am/arehave/hashave/hasbeendodoingdonedoing一般過去過去進行過去完成進過去完成時時時行時過去was/werehadbeendidhaddonedoingdoing一般將來將來進行將來完成進將來完成時時時行時將來willbewillhavewillhavebeenwilldodoingdonedoing過去將來過去將來過去將來完過去將來完過去時進行時成時成進行時將來wouldbewouldhavewouldhavewoulddodoingdonebeendoing注：鋪灰底部分為初中階段要求掌握的8種時態(tài)。十、被動語態(tài)的構(gòu)成方式一般式進行式完成式時間am/is/are+過去am/is/are+being+has/have+been+現(xiàn)在分詞過去分詞過去分詞was/were+過去was/were+being+had+been+過去過去分詞過去分詞分詞shall/will+be+過shall/will+have將來去分詞been+過去分詞9

9十一、基數(shù)詞的構(gòu)成1.1~12的基數(shù)詞是獨立的單詞，有各自的形式。one1two2three3four4five5six6seven7eight8nine9ten10eleven11twelve122.13~19的基數(shù)詞由3~9的基數(shù)詞加后綴鄄teen構(gòu)成。thirteen13fourteen14fifteen15sixteen16seventeen17eighteen18nineteen193.20~90的整十數(shù)都是以鄄ty結(jié)尾。twenty20thirty30forty40fifty50sixty60seventy70eighty80ninety904.表示“幾十幾”時，在十位數(shù)與個位數(shù)之間加連字符“鄄”。twenty鄄one21forty鄄five45seventy鄄eight78ninety鄄nine995.三位數(shù)由“hundred+and+末尾數(shù)”構(gòu)成。onehundredandtwo102fivehundredandtwenty鄄six5266.千位數(shù)以上的數(shù)字構(gòu)成：從數(shù)字的右邊往左邊數(shù)，每三位數(shù)加一個逗號，從右往左第一個逗號讀作thousand，第二個逗號讀作million，第三個逗號讀作billion。10

10twobillionthreehundredandforty鄄fivemilliontwohundredandtwelvethousandeighthundredandforty鄄one2,345,212,841十二、序數(shù)詞的構(gòu)成1.第一、第二、第三需特殊記憶：first,second,third。2.4~19的序數(shù)詞是由其相對應的基數(shù)詞后面加鄄th構(gòu)成。eleven寅eleventh第十一thirteen寅thirteenth第十三注意：有4個詞拼寫不規(guī)則：fifth（第五）,eighth（第八）,ninth（第九）,twelfth（第十二）。3.整十的序數(shù)詞由其對應的基數(shù)詞變詞尾字母y為ie，再加鄄th構(gòu)成。twenty寅twentieth第二十fifty寅fiftieth第五十注意：ten的序數(shù)詞為tenth。4.表示“第幾十幾”時，只將個位數(shù)變?yōu)樾驍?shù)詞，十位數(shù)、百位數(shù)仍用基數(shù)詞。thirty鄄one寅thirty鄄first第三十一fifty鄄six寅fifty鄄sixth第五十六5.序數(shù)詞的縮寫形式由阿拉伯數(shù)字加上序數(shù)詞的最后兩個字母構(gòu)成。first寅1stsecond寅2ndthird寅3rdsixth寅6th11

11十三、不規(guī)則動詞表原形過去式過去分詞arise升起arosearisenawake醒awokeawokenbe（am/is/are）是was/werebeenbear忍受；生育boreborne,bornbeat跳動；打beatbeatenbecome成為becamebecomebegin開始beganbegunbend彎曲bentbentbid淤出價；投標bidbidbid于問候；命令bid,badebid,biddenbite咬bitbittenbleed出血bledbledblow吹blewblownbreak打碎brokebrokenbreed飼養(yǎng)bredbredbring帶來broughtbroughtbroadcast廣播broadcastbroadcastbuild建筑builtbuiltburn燒burnt，burnedburnt，burnedburst破裂burstburstbuy買boughtboughtcast投，擲castcast12

12原形過去式過去分詞catch捉住caughtcaughtchoose選擇chosechosencome來camecomecost值，花費costcostcut切，割cutcutdeal分配；對待dealtdealtdig挖，掘dugdugdive跳水，潛水dived,（美）dovediveddo做diddonedraw拉；繪畫drewdrawndream夢，夢想dreamt,dreameddreamt,dreameddrink喝，飲drankdrunkdrive驅(qū)趕，駕駛drovedriveneat吃ateeatenfall跌，落，降fellfallenfeed喂，飼養(yǎng)fedfedfeel感覺；觸摸feltfeltfight戰(zhàn)斗，打架foughtfoughtfind發(fā)現(xiàn)，找到foundfoundflee逃跑fledfledfly飛flewflownforbid禁止forbadeforbiddenforecast預測forecast,forecastedforecast,forecasted13

13原形過去式過去分詞foresee預見foresawforeseenforget忘記forgotforgottenforgive原諒forgaveforgivenfreeze結(jié)冰，凍frozefrozenget得到gotgot,（美）gottengive給gavegivengo去wentgonegrow生長grewgrownhang淤懸掛hunghunghang于絞死hangedhangedhave有hadhadhear聽見heardheardhide隱藏hidhiddenhit打擊，碰撞hithithold握住；舉行heldheldhurt損傷，傷害hurthurtkeep保持keptkeptknow知道knewknownlay放置；產(chǎn)卵laidlaidlead領導ledledlearn學習learnt，learnedlearnt，learnedleave離開；留下leftleftlend借出lentlent14

14原形過去式過去分詞let讓letletlie淤躺laylainlie于撒謊liedliedlight點燃，照明lighted，litlighted，litlose失去lostlostmake制造；使得mademademean意味著meantmeantmeet遇見；會晤metmetmistake誤會，弄錯mistookmistakenmisunderstandmisunderstoodmisunderstood誤解pay支付paidpaidprove證實provedproved,（美）provenput放putputread/則蚤蘼鑿/讀read/則藻鑿/read/則藻鑿/rebuild重建rebuiltrebuiltretell復述retoldretoldrewind倒帶rewoundrewoundrid擺脫rid,riddedrid,riddedride騎，乘roderiddenring鳴，響rangrungrise升起roserisenrun跑ranrun15

15原形過去式過去分詞say說saidsaidsee看見sawseenseek尋找soughtsoughtsell賣，銷售soldsoldsend送，派遣sentsentset安置setsetsew縫合sewedsewn,sewedshake搖動，震動shookshakenshine淤發(fā)光，照射shoneshoneshine于擦亮shinedshinedshoot射擊shotshotshow展示showedshowed,shownshrink收縮shrank,shrunkshrunkshut關(guān)shutshutsing唱sangsungsink下沉sanksunksit坐satsatsleep睡sleptsleptslide滑（動）slidslidsmell嗅，聞smelt,smelledsmelt,smelledsow撒播sowedsowed,sownspeak講話spokespokenspeed淤急行spedsped16

16原形過去式過去分詞speed于加速speededspeededspell拼寫spelt,spelledspelt,spelledspend花費spentspentspin旋轉(zhuǎn)；紡紗spunspunspit吐，唾spat，（美）spitspat，（美）spitsplit裂開，劈開splitsplitspread散布spreadspreadspring彈回，跳躍sprangsprungstand站立；忍受stoodstoodsteal偷stolestolenstick粘；刺；堅持stuckstuckstrike打，擊struckstruckstring上弦；吊起strungstrungswear發(fā)誓sworeswornsweep掃sweptsweptswell膨脹swelledswelled,swollenswim游泳swamswumswing搖擺swungswungtake拿走tooktakenteach教taughttaughttear扯，撕toretorntell告訴toldtoldthink想，認為thoughtthought17

17原形過去式過去分詞throw扔threwthrownunderstand理解understoodunderstoodundertake承擔undertookundertakenwake醒wokewokenwear穿；磨損worewornweep哭泣weptweptwet使?jié)駑et,wettedwet,wettedwin贏，獲勝wonwonwind繞woundwoundwithdraw撤退withdrewwithdrawnwrite寫wrotewritten18