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1、尼泊爾8.1級(jí)地震加德滿都―樟木沿線民居震害調(diào)查及探析 摘要:為了分析尼泊爾地震中山區(qū)公路沿線自建民居的震害,在對(duì)加德滿都-樟木口岸公路沿線民居震害調(diào)查的基礎(chǔ)上,詳細(xì)介紹了框架結(jié)構(gòu)和砌體結(jié)構(gòu)自建民居的特點(diǎn),按照地震直接災(zāi)害和次生災(zāi)害,總結(jié)了這2種自建民居結(jié)構(gòu)的震害特征,給出了其地震破壞比例.框架結(jié)構(gòu)基本完好的比例是砌體結(jié)構(gòu)的3倍多,而中等破壞、嚴(yán)重破壞和毀壞的比例約為砌體結(jié)構(gòu)的1/2.根據(jù)震害調(diào)查和統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,得到以下結(jié)論:自建框架結(jié)構(gòu)雖未經(jīng)過(guò)正規(guī)設(shè)計(jì),不滿足尼泊爾建筑規(guī)范的相關(guān)要求,施工質(zhì)量也比較欠缺,但破壞程度小于自建砌
2、體結(jié)構(gòu);隨公路海拔的升高,沿線民居的震害程度有加重的趨勢(shì);山區(qū)地震導(dǎo)致的次生災(zāi)害對(duì)沿線民居建筑的破壞比較嚴(yán)重.關(guān)鍵詞:尼泊爾地震;震害調(diào)查;公路;框架結(jié)構(gòu);砌體結(jié)構(gòu);地震次生災(zāi)害;掉層結(jié)構(gòu)中圖分類號(hào):P315;TU362;TU375文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:AAbstract:Inordertoanalyzetheseismicdamagesoftheowner-builtdwellingsalongmountainoushighwayinNepalearthquakesequence,fieldinvestigationwasperfo
3、rmedalongthehighwayfrom16KathmandutoZhangmuport.Firstly,thestructuralcharacteristicsofreinforcedconcrete(RC)framesandmasonrystructuresinNepalweredescribed.Then,thecharacteristicsoftheseismicdamagesofthetwotypesofresidentialstructuresweresummarized,andthedamageratio
4、softhestructureswereprovidedaccordingtothedirectdisastersandsecondarydisasters.TheproportionofbasicintactofRCframestructuresisoverthreetimesthatofmasonrystructures,buttheproportionofmoderateandseriousdamagesanddestructionofRCframestructuresisaboutahalfofthatofmason
5、rystructures.Basedonthedamageinvestigationandstatisticalanalysis,itisconcludedthatmanyowner-builtRCframestructuresarenotproperlydesignedastherequirementsofthebuildingcodesofNepal,andtheirconstructionqualityispoor,butthedamagedegreeoftheRCframestructuresismuchlessth
6、anthatofthemasonrystructures.Moreover,astheelevationincreasesalongthehighway,theseismicdamageofthedwellingshasatendencyofincrease.Finally,secondarydisastersresulted16fromtheearthquakeaggravatedtheseismicdamageofdwellings.Keywords:Gorkhaearthquake;seismicdamageinves
7、tigation;highway;framestructure;masonrystructure;secondarydisastersofearthquake;structuressupportedonsteppedfoundations尼泊??地處喜馬拉雅山脈南麓,位于地中海-喜馬拉雅地震帶上.由于印度板塊以每年25~30cm的速度向亞歐板塊下俯沖[1],引起2個(gè)板塊的擠壓和應(yīng)力集中,導(dǎo)致該地區(qū)地質(zhì)構(gòu)造活動(dòng)強(qiáng)烈,是世界上最危險(xiǎn)的地震多發(fā)地帶之一.2015年4月25日當(dāng)?shù)貢r(shí)間11時(shí)56分,尼泊爾加德滿都西北方向約80km處廓
8、爾喀(Gorkha)發(fā)生Ms8.1級(jí)地震,震源深度約20km[2].主震發(fā)生后,又陸續(xù)發(fā)生多次強(qiáng)余震,如圖1所示.根據(jù)中國(guó)地震臺(tái)網(wǎng)中心的數(shù)據(jù),截至5月31日,共發(fā)生5級(jí)以上余震8次,其中7級(jí)以上3次,見(jiàn)表1.尼泊爾主余震共造成8902人死亡,23000多人受傷,近30萬(wàn)人受災(zāi)[3].尼泊爾