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1、尼泊爾8.1級地震加德滿都一樟木沿線民居震害調(diào)查與分析摘要:為了分析尼泊爾地震中山區(qū)公路沿線自建民居的震害,在對加德滿都-樟木口岸公路沿線民居震害調(diào)查的基礎(chǔ)上,詳細介紹了框架結(jié)構(gòu)和砌體結(jié)構(gòu)自建民居的特點,按照地震直接災(zāi)害和次生災(zāi)害,總結(jié)了這2種自建民居結(jié)構(gòu)的震害特征,給出了其地震破壞比例.框架結(jié)構(gòu)基本完好的比例是砌體結(jié)構(gòu)的3倍多,而中等破壞、嚴重破壞和毀壞的比例約為砌體結(jié)構(gòu)的1/2.根據(jù)震害調(diào)查和統(tǒng)計分析,得到以下結(jié)論:自建框架結(jié)構(gòu)雖未經(jīng)過正規(guī)設(shè)計,不滿足尼泊爾建筑規(guī)范的相關(guān)要求,施工質(zhì)量也比較欠缺,但破壞程度小于自建砌體結(jié)構(gòu);隨公路海拔的升高,沿線民居
2、的震害程度有加重的趨勢;山區(qū)地震導(dǎo)致的次生災(zāi)害對沿線民居建筑的破壞比較嚴重.關(guān)鍵詞:尼泊爾地震;震害調(diào)查;公路;框架結(jié)構(gòu);砌體結(jié)構(gòu);地震次生災(zāi)害;掉層結(jié)構(gòu)中圖分類號:P315;TU362;TU375文獻標志碼:AAbstract:Inordertoanalyzetheseismicdamagesoftheowner-builtdwellingsalongmountainoushighwayinNepalearthquakesequence,fieldinvestigationwasperformedalongthehighwayfromKathmandu
3、toZhangmuport.Firstly,thestructuralcharacteristicsofreinforcedconcreteframesandmasonrystructuresinNepalweredescribed.Then,thecharacteristicsoftheseismicdamagesofthetwotypesofresidentialstructuresweresummarized,andthedamageratiosofthestructureswereprovidedaccordingtothedirectdisas
4、tersandsecondarydisasters.TheproportionofbasicintactofRCframestructuresisoverthreetimesthatofmasonrystructures,buttheproportionofmoderateandseriousdamagesanddestructionofRCframestructuresisaboutahalfofthatofmasonrystructures.Basedonthedamageinvestigationandstatisticalanalysis,iti
5、sconcludedthatmanyowner-builtRCframestructuresarenotproperlydesignedastherequirementsofthebuildingcodesofNepal,andtheirconstructionqualityispoor,butthedamagedegreeoftheRCframestructuresismuchlessthanthatofthemasonrystructures.Moreover,astheelevationincreasesalongthehighway,thesei
6、smicdamageofthedwellingshasatendencyofincrease.Finally,secondarydisastersresultedfromtheearthquakeaggravatedtheseismicdamageofdwellings.Keywords:Gorkhaearthquake;seismicdamageinvestigation;highway:framestructure;masonrystructure;secondarydisastersofearthquake;structuressupportedo
7、nsteppedfoundations尼泊分分地處喜馬拉雅山脈南麓,位于地中海-喜馬拉雅地震帶上.由于印度板塊以每年25?30cm的速度向亞歐板塊下俯沖[1],引起2個板塊的擠壓和應(yīng)力集中,導(dǎo)致該地區(qū)地質(zhì)構(gòu)造活動強烈,是世界上最危險的地震多發(fā)地帶之一.2015年4月25日當?shù)貢r間11時56分,尼泊爾加德滿都西北方向約80km處廓爾喀發(fā)生Ms8.1級地震,震源深度約20km[2].主震發(fā)生后,又陸續(xù)發(fā)生多次強余震,如圖1所示.根據(jù)中國地震臺網(wǎng)中心的數(shù)據(jù),截至5月31日,共發(fā)生5級以上余震8次,其中7級以上3次,見表1.尼泊爾主余震共造成8902人死亡,23
8、000多人受傷,近30萬人受災(zāi)[3].尼泊爾地震發(fā)生后,作者受邀趕赴地震災(zāi)區(qū),與