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1、重復(fù),重復(fù),重復(fù)――有效的重復(fù)修辭策略 Needlessrepetitionisdeadly―notwowaysaboutit[毫無疑問].It’sthekindofclutter[雜亂]thatcanputtosleepacircusfullofhyperactivechildren[過動兒].Butnotallrepetitionisbad.Usedstrategically[戰(zhàn)略性地],repetitioncanwakeourreadersupandhelpthemtofocusonakeyidea―or,attimes,evenraiseasmile. When
2、itcametopracticingeffectivestrategiesofrepetition,rhetoricians[雄辯家]inancientGreeceandRomehadabigbagfulloftricks,eachwithafancyname.Herearesixcommonstrategies. 毫無疑問,不必要的重復(fù)是沒有出路的。這是一種能讓一整個馬戲團(tuán)的過動兒都昏昏欲睡的雜亂。但并不是所有的重復(fù)都是不好的。如果運(yùn)用得當(dāng),重復(fù)也能喚醒我們的讀者,還能幫助他們集中到一個中心思想――或者,偶爾,甚至能博得一笑?! √岬綉?yīng)用重復(fù)的有效策略,古希臘和羅馬的雄
3、辯家們可以抖出一大袋子的技巧來――每一個技巧都有其奇特的名稱。來看看以下六種常用策略吧! Repetitionofthesamewordorphraseatthebeginningofsuccessive[連續(xù)的]clausesorverses[詩節(jié)]. Thismemorable[難忘的]deviceappearsmostfamouslythroughoutMartinLutherKing’sIHaveaDreamspeech.EarlyinWorldWarII,WinstonChurchillreliedonanaphoratoinspiretheBritishpe
4、ople: “Weshallgoontotheend,weshallfightinFrance,weshallfightontheseasandoceans,weshallfightwithgrowingconfidenceandgrowingstrengthintheair,weshalldefendourIsland,whateverthecostmaybe,weshallfightonthebeaches,weshallfightonthelandinggrounds,weshallfightinthefieldsandinthestreets,weshallfig
5、htinthehills;weshallneversurrender[投降].” 相同的詞語或詞組重復(fù)出現(xiàn)在連續(xù)幾個從句或詩節(jié)的開頭?! ∵@個令人難忘的用法貫穿于馬丁?路德?金的演講《我有一個夢想》中,極負(fù)盛名。早在第二次世界大戰(zhàn)期間,溫斯頓?丘吉爾就應(yīng)用首語重復(fù)法來激勵英國人民: “我們決不氣餒,我們要堅持到底。我們將在法國作戰(zhàn),我們將在海上和大洋中作戰(zhàn),我們將在空中作戰(zhàn),而且越戰(zhàn)越勇,越戰(zhàn)越強(qiáng)。我們將不惜任何代價保衛(wèi)本島,我們將在海灘上作戰(zhàn),我們將在(敵人的)登陸點(diǎn)作戰(zhàn),我們將在田野和街頭作戰(zhàn),我們將在山區(qū)作戰(zhàn);我們決不投降?!薄 epetitionofanide
6、aseveraltimesindifferentwords. Ifyou’reafanofMontyPython’sFlyingCircus注1,youprobablyrecallhowJohnCleeseusedcommoratiobeyondthepointofabsurdity[荒謬]intheDeadParrotSketch: “He’spassedon!Thisparrotisnomore!Hehasceased[停止]tobe!He’sexpired[期滿]andgonetomeethismaker!He’sastiff[死尸]!Bereft[使失去]ofl
7、ife,herestsinpeace!Ifyouhadn’tnailedhimtotheperch[棲木],he’dbepushingupthedaisies!Hismetabolic[新陳代謝的]processesarenowhistory!He’soffthetwig[小樹枝]!He’skickedthebucket[一命嗚呼],he’sshuffledoff[擺脫]hismortalcoil[塵世],rundownthecurtainandjoinedthebleedin’choir[唱詩班]invisibl