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1、Unit1generaldescriptionofliteraturereadingandtranslation1.DefinitionofLiteratureLiteratureisageneraltermforprofessionalwritingsintheformofbooks,papers,andotherdocumentations.Asanimportantmeansforpreservingknowledge,literatureshavebecomepreciousresources
2、ortreasuresforthemankind,whichhavegreatlycontributedtothesocialprogressofthehumanrace.2.ClassificationofLiterature1)Textbooks（課本）akindofprofessionalwriting（一種專業(yè)的寫作）2)Monographs（專著）variousviewpointsanddiscussions3)Papers（論文）thetheoreticalanalysisandexper
3、imentaldescriptiontitle,author,affiliation,abstract,keywords,introduction,theoreticalanalysisand/orexperimentaldescription,resultsanddiscussionorconclusion,acknowledgments,references4)Encyclopedias(百科全書)everybranchofknowledge5)Periodicals（期刊）aseriesofpu
4、blications6)SpecialDocumentation（特殊文檔）alltheprintedmaterials3.LinguisticFeaturesofScientificLiteraturestylistically(文體上)scientificliteratureisakindofformwriting;syntactically（結(jié)構(gòu)上）scientificliteraturehasrigorousgrammaticalstructuresandinmostcasesisrather
5、unitary;Morphologically（語法上）scientificliteraureisfeaturedbyhighspecialization,theuseoftechnicaltermsandjargons,unambiguousimplicationandthefixedsenseofthewordPrinciplesorCriteriaofTranslationWheneverprinciplesorcriteriaoftranslationareunderdiscussioninC
6、hina,YanFu’sthree-characterguide”-----xin,da,ya,namely,faithfulness(信),expressiveness(達(dá)),andelegance(雅).Thesethreeprinciplehasalwaysbeenregardedasaplumb-lineformeasuringtheprofessionalleveloftranslationandagoalfortranslatorstostriveafter.However,intheap
7、plicationofthisprinciple,peoplecometofindsomeunsatisfactoryaspectsofthethree-characterguideandhaveputforewordavarietyofnewstandardsorcriteriaoftranslation.Despiteavarietyofopinions,twocriteriaarealmostunanimouslyacceptedbyall,namely,thecriterionoffaithf
8、ulness/accuracy(忠實(shí)/準(zhǔn)確)andthatofsmoothness(流暢).Wemayalsotakethesetwocriteriaastheprinciplescientificliteraturetranslation.Byfaithful/accuracy,wemeantobefaithfulnotonlytotheoriginalcontents,totheoriginalmeaningandviews,butalsotothe
