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1、1單元3.LinguisticFeaturesofScientificLiteratureSyntactically,scientificliteraturehasrigorousgrammaticalstructures,andinmostcasesisratherunitary.Morphologically,scientificliteratureisfeaturedbyhighspecialization,theuseoftechnicaltermsandjargons,unambiguousimplicatio
2、nandthefixedsenseoftheword.2.PrinciplesorCriteriaofTranslationWheneverprinciplesorcriteriaoftranslationareunderdiscussioninChina,YanFu’s“three-characterguide”--xin,da,ya,namely,“faithfulness(信),expressiveness(達(dá)),andelegance(雅)”,whichwasfirstproposedin1898,wouldev
3、okecontroversy.Despiteavarietyofopinions,twocriteriaarealmostunanimouslyacceptedbyall,namely,thecriterionoffaithfulness/accuracy(忠實(shí)/準(zhǔn)確)andthatofsmoothness(流暢).Wemayalsotakethesetwocriteriaastheprinciplesofscientificliteraturetranslation.Byfaithfulness/accuracy,we
4、meantobefaithfulnotonlytotheoriginalcontents,totheoriginalmeaningandviews,butalsototheoriginalformandstyle.Bysmoothness,wemeannotonlyeasyandreadablerendering,butalsoidiomaticexpressioninthetargetlanguage,freefromstiffformulaandmechanicalcopyingfromdictionaries.3.
5、LiteralTranslationandFreeTranslationLiteraltranslation(直譯)andfreetranslation(意譯)aretwodynamicapproachesindealingwithsuchawkwardsituations.Forexample,crocodile’stears(鱷魚的眼淚),armedtotheteeth(武裝到牙齒),chainreaction(連鎖反應(yīng)),gentlemen’sagreement(君子協(xié)定),andsoon.Similarly,so
6、meChineseidiomsalsofindtheirEnglishcounterpartsthroughliteraltranslation.Forexample,紙老虎(papertiger),一國(guó)兩制(onecountry,twosystems),andsoon.Adam’sApple喉結(jié)atsixesandsevens亂七八槽Itrainscatsanddogs.大雨滂沱Don’tcrossthebridgetillyougettoit.不必?fù)?dān)心過早。(不必自尋煩惱。)Doyouseeanygreeninmye
7、ye?你以為我是幼稚可欺的嗎?Intheapplicationofliteraltranslation,weshouldendeavortoridourselvesofstiffpatternsandrigidadherencetotranslationrules,tryingtobeflexible;whileinthepracticeoffreetranslation,weshouldbecautiousofsubjectivity,avoidinggroundlessaffirmationorarbitraryfa
8、brication.Inactualpractice,weoftenalternateorcombinethesetwoapproachesinsteadstickingtoeither.SpecialAttention:TheTranslationofDocumentationInordertoexpandhis/
