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1、Unit1TheHumancomplex—ANever–failingSourceofWonderment“Inmyview,”wroteThomasJeffersonin1814,“noknowledgecanbemoresatisfactorytoamanthatofhisownframe,itsparts,theirfunctionsandactions.”DistinguishedthinkersbeforeandsinceJeffersonhaveheldthisbelief,butcu
2、riously,itisnotonethattheaveragepersonwholeheartedlyshares.Man’sattitudetowardhisownbody—hissinglemostpreciouspossession—isdecidedlyambivalent.Atoneandthesametimeheisfascinatedbyitandfearfulofit,partlyinechoofancienttaboos,partlyintheconvictionthatthe
3、bodyistoocomplicatedtounderstand.“在我看來，”托馬斯杰佛遜于1814年寫道：“對(duì)人來說，沒有什么知識(shí)會(huì)比了解自身的架構(gòu)、部件、以及他們的功能和運(yùn)動(dòng)更能使他滿足?！痹诮芊疬d前后的杰出思想家均持有這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)，但激發(fā)人好奇心的是，這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)并不為普羅大眾所由衷地接受。人們對(duì)自己的身體（這個(gè)對(duì)他自身來說最為寶貴的財(cái)富）的態(tài)度其實(shí)是充滿矛盾的。一方面，人們對(duì)身體感到非常著迷，另一方面，卻又對(duì)其深感敬畏，這在一定程度上是受古代禁忌的影響，也在一定程度上反映了人們確信肉體過于復(fù)雜而
4、難以理解。Thepossibleapproachestoastudyofthebodyarelegion.Tothecynic,thebodyisnomorethanatenementofclay;tothepoet,apalaceofthesoul;tothephysician,anall-too-ailinghulk.Thepsychiatristseesitasahousingforthemindandpersonality.Thegeneticistseesitasaperpetuator
5、ofitsownkind.Thebiologistseesitasanorganismwhichcanalterthefutureasaresultoftheexperienceofthepast.研究人體的方法可謂紛繁多樣。對(duì)憤世嫉俗者來說，人體賤如粘土陋室；對(duì)吟詩作賦者來說，人體尊如靈魂的宮殿；對(duì)內(nèi)科醫(yī)生來說，人體是脆弱多病的軀殼。精神病學(xué)家視其為理智和個(gè)性的居所。遺傳學(xué)家當(dāng)其為自我繁衍的機(jī)器。生物學(xué)家視其為能借過往的經(jīng)驗(yàn)來改變未來的生命體。Allthespecializedscientifi
6、cviewsofthebodyarevalid.All,however,muststartfromthesamepremise:anawarenessofthebody’sbasicstructureandfunctions—itsanatomyandphysiology.Andthebedrockprincipleofourpresentunderstandingofthebodyisthatalllivingmatteriscomposedofcellsbasicallysimilarinst
7、ructureandfunction.所有有關(guān)人體的專業(yè)科學(xué)的觀點(diǎn)都是有依據(jù)的，然而，所有的這些都必須有同一個(gè)前提：那就是對(duì)研究人體的基本結(jié)構(gòu)和功能的解剖學(xué)和生理學(xué)的認(rèn)識(shí)。我們對(duì)身體的了解的基本原則是，所有生物都是由結(jié)構(gòu)和功能基本相似的細(xì)胞構(gòu)成的。ASwarmofTinySpecialistsStudiesofthecell—whatitis,whatitdoesandhowitreproducesitself—haverevealedittobeafantasticallycomplexworl
8、dinitself.Oneofthemajorwondersofthecellisthedisparitybetweenitsminutenessandtheprodigiousnessofitsactivity.Eachcellissotinythatmillionsofthemmaybefoundinahalf-inchcubeofhumanbodytissue.Yeteachcomprisesanalmostunimaginablybusychemicallaboratory
