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1、胸腔積液pleuraleffusion大連醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院消化wgjDefinition正常胸腔內(nèi)有微量液體起潤滑作用。其產(chǎn)生與吸收處于動態(tài)平衡。當(dāng)產(chǎn)生增加或吸收減少,胸膜腔內(nèi)液體積聚,便形成胸腔積液。GeneralConsiderations:Pleuralfluidisformedinthenormalindividualmostlyontheparietalpleuralsurfaceattherateofabout0.1mL/kgbodyweight/h.Absorptionoffluidoccursmostlythroughvisceralpleuralca
2、pillaries,whileproteinisrecoveredthroughparietalpleurallymphatics.Theresultanthomeostasisleaves5-15mLoffluidnormallypresentinthepleuralspace.Thefivemajortypesofpleuraleffusionaretransudates,exudates,empyema,hemorrhagicpleuraleffusionorhemothorax,andorchyliformeffusion.胸腔積液產(chǎn)生與吸收的機(jī)制胸腔內(nèi)負(fù)壓(5)
3、胸腔內(nèi)膠體滲透壓(8cmH2O)淋巴回流毛細(xì)血管膠體滲透壓毛細(xì)血管靜水壓30cmH2O34cmH2O11cmH2O壁層胸膜臟層胸膜液體滲出壓力梯度(5+8+30)-34=9cmH2O液體再吸收壓力梯度34-(5+8+11)=10cmH2O胸膜腔(體循環(huán)cap)(進(jìn)入)(肺循環(huán)cap)(吸收)壁層胸膜液體進(jìn)入胸膜腔壓力梯度:9cmH2O毛細(xì)血管靜水壓30cmH2O胸膜腔負(fù)壓5cmH2O胸膜腔膠體滲透壓8cmH2O毛細(xì)血管膠體滲透壓34cmH2O臟層胸膜液體從胸膜腔回收壓力梯度:10cmH2O毛細(xì)血管靜水壓11cmH2O胸膜腔負(fù)壓5cmH2O胸膜腔膠體滲透壓8cmH2O毛細(xì)血
4、管膠體滲透壓34cmH2O淋巴回流。胸腔積液的形成:上述胸液濾出和再吸收壓力梯度失衡或胸膜面積變化淋巴管引流受影響【Pathogenesy】一、毛細(xì)血管靜水壓增高:充血性心衰、縮窄性心包炎等→體循環(huán)或肺循環(huán)靜水壓增加。漏出液為主二、毛細(xì)血管通透性增加:胸膜炎癥、胸膜腫瘤、全身性疾病等。滲出液(胸水膠滲壓升高)三、血漿膠體滲透壓降低:低蛋白血癥:肝硬化、腎病綜合征。漏出液四、淋巴管引流障礙:癌癥淋巴管阻塞。滲出液五、損傷所致胸腔內(nèi)出血:外傷,主A瘤破裂;血性、膿性、乳糜性均屬滲出液。主要病因和積液性質(zhì):參見講義P144表2-13-1EssentialsofDiagnosis
5、Asymptomaticinmanycases;pleurticchestpainifpleuritisispresent;dyspneaifeffusionislarge.Decreasedtactilefremitus;dullnesstopercussion;distantbreathsounds;egophonyifeffusionislarge.Radiographicevidenceofpleuraleffusion.Diagnosticfindingsonthoracentesis.【ClinicalManifestation】癥狀胸痛:大量積液時,氣急加重
6、,胸痛消失。Pleuriticchestpainanddrycough呼吸困難:>300-500mlSmallpleuraleffusionsareusuallyasymptomatic,whereaslargepleuraleffusionsmaycausedyspnea體征(1):氣管移位:大量胸水可伴氣管、縱隔移向健側(cè)。呼吸動度減弱叩濁音,呼吸音降低,胸膜摩擦音。體征(2)Physicalfindingsareabsentiflessthan200-300mLofpleuralfluidispresent.Signsconsistentwithalargerpleu
7、raleffusionincludedecreaseintactilefremitus,dullnesstopercussion,anddiminutionofbreathsoundsovertheeffusion.原發(fā)病的癥狀、體征:結(jié)核中毒癥狀,惡液質(zhì),體循環(huán)瘀血表現(xiàn)。影象診斷(image)(1)1、胸液0.3~0.5L時,肋隔角變純;About250mLofpleuralfluidmustbepresentbeforeeffusioncanbedetectedonconventionalerectposteroanter