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1、鄭孟燕梁詩琪袁嘉衛(wèi)宋淋張麗Presupposition1.ThePhilosophicalTradition2.ASemanticAnalysis2.1Presuppositionvsfocus2.2Classificationofpresupposition2.3Factiveandnon-factive2.4Presupposition-triggers3.ProblemsintheSemanticApproach3.1Defeasibility3.2Projectionproblem4.TheApplicationofPresupposition1.The
2、PhilosophicalTradition預(yù)設(shè)是自然語言中大量存在的一種常用語言現(xiàn)象。在語言交際中，人們通常運用預(yù)設(shè)這一手段來表達已知信息。有關(guān)預(yù)設(shè)問題的討論最初是由哲學家引起的，更確切地說，是邏輯學家提出來的。后來語言學家把這種推導關(guān)系引入研究表達命題的句子之間的關(guān)系中來。早在19世紀末德國的哲學家和數(shù)學家弗雷格（GottlobFrege）在其提出了這一概念。現(xiàn)在它已進入語言學，成為語義學，特別是語用學最重要的范疇之一。NoamChomskyIsitJOHNwhowritespoetry?No,itisBILLwhowritespoetry.InS1,und
3、erthenormalintonationthewordJohnreceivesthemainstress,andapossibleresponsemightbeS2.ChomskyproposedtocalltheinformationcarriedbywordslikeJohn,Billfocus,andthatbytheembeddedclause“someonewritespoetry”presupposition.S1andS2differinfocus,butnotinpresupposition.Thatis,“thefocusisthephras
4、econtainingtheintonationcentre;thepresuppositionanexpressionderivedbyreplacingthefocusbyavariable”(Chomsky,1972,p.100)2.ASemanticAnalysis2.1Presuppositionvsfocus2.2Classificationofpresupposition2.2.1SemanticPresuppositionTheoriginalFregeanviewofsemanticpresupposition(e.g.Frege,1892)i
5、sonlyvalidforalanguagewhichhasabivalenttruth-conditionalsemantics,i.e.whereeverysentenceinthelanguagecanbeassignedavalueofeitherTrueorFalse.AsemanticpresuppositionisthenaninferencewhichisTruewhetherthesentencefromwhichitwasinferredisitselfTrueorFalse.Forinstance,ifthesentenceS“TheKin
6、gofFranceisbald”isassignedavalueofTrue,thenS“TheKingofFranceexists”isalsoTrue,butifSisFalse(i.e.theKingofFranceisnotbald)SisstillTrue.SisthereforesemanticallypresupposedbyS.(Kevin,1997,p.7)2.2.2PragmaticPresuppositionWhilepragmaticpresuppositionsarenotformallydefined,Stalnaker(1974)c
7、haracterisesthemasrequirementsontheshared(orcommon)knowledgeofthediscourseparticipants,whichmustbesatisfiedforthespeaker’scommunicativeintentionstobeachieved.Thisappliesequallywelltothesemanticpresuppositionsinducedbydefinitenounphrases,suchas‘theKingofFrance’,asitdoestothoseinducedb
8、ylinguistici
