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1、鄭孟燕梁詩(shī)琪袁嘉衛(wèi)宋淋張麗Presupposition1.ThePhilosophicalTradition2.ASemanticAnalysis2.1Presuppositionvsfocus2.2Classificationofpresupposition2.3Factiveandnon-factive2.4Presupposition-triggers3.ProblemsintheSemanticApproach3.1Defeasibility3.2Projectionproblem4.TheApplicationofPresupposition1.ThePhilosop
2、hicalTradition預(yù)設(shè)是自然語(yǔ)言中大量存在的一種常用語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象。在語(yǔ)言交際中，人們通常運(yùn)用預(yù)設(shè)這一手段來(lái)表達(dá)已知信息。有關(guān)預(yù)設(shè)問(wèn)題的討論最初是由哲學(xué)家引起的，更確切地說(shuō)，是邏輯學(xué)家提出來(lái)的。后來(lái)語(yǔ)言學(xué)家把這種推導(dǎo)關(guān)系引入研究表達(dá)命題的句子之間的關(guān)系中來(lái)。早在19世紀(jì)末德國(guó)的哲學(xué)家和數(shù)學(xué)家弗雷格（GottlobFrege）在其提出了這一概念。現(xiàn)在它已進(jìn)入語(yǔ)言學(xué)，成為語(yǔ)義學(xué)，特別是語(yǔ)用學(xué)最重要的范疇之一。NoamChomskyIsitJOHNwhowritespoetry?No,itisBILLwhowritespoetry.InS1,underthenormalinton
3、ationthewordJohnreceivesthemainstress,andapossibleresponsemightbeS2.ChomskyproposedtocalltheinformationcarriedbywordslikeJohn,Billfocus,andthatbytheembeddedclause“someonewritespoetry”presupposition.S1andS2differinfocus,butnotinpresupposition.Thatis,“thefocusisthephrasecontainingtheintonation
4、centre;thepresuppositionanexpressionderivedbyreplacingthefocusbyavariable”(Chomsky,1972,p.100)2.ASemanticAnalysis2.1Presuppositionvsfocus2.2Classificationofpresupposition2.2.1SemanticPresuppositionTheoriginalFregeanviewofsemanticpresupposition(e.g.Frege,1892)isonlyvalidforalanguagewhichhasab
5、ivalenttruth-conditionalsemantics,i.e.whereeverysentenceinthelanguagecanbeassignedavalueofeitherTrueorFalse.AsemanticpresuppositionisthenaninferencewhichisTruewhetherthesentencefromwhichitwasinferredisitselfTrueorFalse.Forinstance,ifthesentenceS“TheKingofFranceisbald”isassignedavalueofTrue,t
6、henS“TheKingofFranceexists”isalsoTrue,butifSisFalse(i.e.theKingofFranceisnotbald)SisstillTrue.SisthereforesemanticallypresupposedbyS.(Kevin,1997,p.7)2.2.2PragmaticPresuppositionWhilepragmaticpresuppositionsarenotformallydefined,Stalnaker(1974)characterisesthemasrequirementsontheshared(orcomm
7、on)knowledgeofthediscourseparticipants,whichmustbesatisfiedforthespeaker’scommunicativeintentionstobeachieved.Thisappliesequallywelltothesemanticpresuppositionsinducedbydefinitenounphrases,suchas‘theKingofFrance’,asitdoestothoseinducedbylinguistici
