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高等植物中的轉(zhuǎn)化酶報告人:王愛華
1轉(zhuǎn)化酶的概念轉(zhuǎn)化酶的分類分布轉(zhuǎn)化酶在植物糖代謝中的作用轉(zhuǎn)化酶基因的進(jìn)化
21概念轉(zhuǎn)化酶(Invertase),又稱蔗糖酶或β-呋喃果糖苷酶。是與蔗糖代謝密切相關(guān)的一種酶,催化蔗糖不可逆水解成葡萄糖和果糖。Sucrose+H2O-----Glucose+Fructose與糖代謝相關(guān)的酶
3蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)磷酸蔗糖磷酸化酶(SPP)蔗糖合成酶(SuSy)轉(zhuǎn)化酶(Inv)
42.1轉(zhuǎn)化酶的分類轉(zhuǎn)化酶類型最適pH范圍溶解性底物是否糖基化細(xì)胞壁類型(酸性,細(xì)胞外)4.5-5.0不溶或可溶蔗糖/棉籽糖…是液泡類型(酸性)4.5-5.0可溶蔗糖/棉籽糖…是細(xì)胞質(zhì)類型(中性/堿性)7.0-7.5可溶蔗糖否
52.2轉(zhuǎn)化酶在源和庫細(xì)胞中的分布淀粉VACINV質(zhì)外體細(xì)胞質(zhì)液泡CYTINVVACINV葉綠體CALVIN循環(huán)丙糖蔗糖葡萄糖果糖葡萄糖果糖蔗糖液泡蔗糖CYTINVCWINV庫細(xì)胞源細(xì)胞蔗糖葡萄糖果糖果糖葡萄糖葡萄糖果糖蔗糖
6調(diào)節(jié)植物的生長發(fā)育和器官建成細(xì)胞壁轉(zhuǎn)化酶在蔗糖的卸載中發(fā)揮作用液泡轉(zhuǎn)化酶促進(jìn)成熟器官液泡的蔗糖積累調(diào)節(jié)淀粉合成一些酸性轉(zhuǎn)化酶基因作用于病原防治細(xì)胞壁轉(zhuǎn)化酶與抗衰老有關(guān)酸性轉(zhuǎn)化酶與植物的非生物(干旱)抗性有關(guān)轉(zhuǎn)化酶在信號傳導(dǎo)中的作用3轉(zhuǎn)化酶在植物糖代謝中的作用
73.1調(diào)節(jié)植物生長發(fā)育和器官建成a.一般在植物的分生組織和快速生長的幼嫩的組織和器官中(如幼嫩的葉片、莖、根尖和果實(shí)等)細(xì)胞壁轉(zhuǎn)化酶以及液泡轉(zhuǎn)化酶的活性較高(Estruch和Beltran,1991;Xu等,1989)b.細(xì)胞壁轉(zhuǎn)化酶和單糖轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白互作控制細(xì)胞分裂和生長(Weschke等,2003)c.抑制轉(zhuǎn)化酶基因表達(dá)植物生長異常(反義RNA技術(shù))
8PhenotypicChangesinTransgenicPlantletsExpressingAntisensemRNAforVacuolarInvertaseorCellWallInvertaseAllplantletsweregrownonhalf-strengthMurashigeandSkoogmediumcontainingonlymacroelementsandmicroelementsand3%sucrose.ThetransgeniccontrolplantletsharborthepromoterofthegeneforcarrotcellwallinvertasefusedtotheGUSreportergene.(A)Antisenseplantletsforcellwallinvertase(Acwi-59,Acwi-65,andAcwi-76)andwild-type(WT)andtransgeniccontrolplantlets(B)Antisenseplantletsforvacuolarinvertase(Avi-34,Avi-47,andAvi-65)andwild-type(WT)andtransgeniccontrolplantlets反義mRNA技術(shù)研究轉(zhuǎn)化酶功能(1)Source:PlantCell,Vol.11,177-190,February1999,Copyright?1999,AmericanSocietyofPlantPhysiologists
9PhenotypicChangesinMatureTransgenicPlantsPlantsweregrowninsoilinagrowthchamber.ThecontrolplantsaretransgenicandharborthepromoterofthegeneforcarrotcellwallinvertasefusedtotheGUSreportergene.(A)AnAcwiplantandacontrolplant(B)AnAviplantandacontrolplantSource:PlantCell,Vol.11,177-190,February1999,Copyright?1999,AmericanSocietyofPlantPhysiologists反義mRNA技術(shù)研究轉(zhuǎn)化酶功能(2)
10Electronmicroscopicpicturesofpollenfromwild-type(AandB)andtransgenicplants(C-F)(A)SEMpictureofwild-typepollen.(Bar?=?5?μm.)(B)TransmissionEM(TEM)pictureofwild-typepollen.(Bar?=?5?μm.)(C)SEMpictureofpollenfromNT23-4.(Bar?=?5?μm.)(D)TEMpictureofpollenfromNT23-4.(Bar?=?5?μm.)(E)SEMpictureofpollenfromNT23-6.(Bar?=?5?μm.)(F)TEMpictureofpollenfromNT23-6.(Bar?=?5?μm.)NT23-4representsoneoftheplantswhosepollenshowsgerminationefficienciesbetween25%and40%;NT23-6isoneoftheplantswithgerminationefficiency<2%Source:MarcGoetz,PNAS2001;98:6522-6527反義mRNA技術(shù)研究轉(zhuǎn)化酶功能(3)
113.2細(xì)胞壁轉(zhuǎn)化酶在蔗糖的卸載中發(fā)揮作用Bachelier等(1997)認(rèn)為處于細(xì)胞壁的轉(zhuǎn)化酶能調(diào)節(jié)蔗糖從韌皮部卸出,并且控制蔗糖吸收速度。Sturm和Tang(1999)認(rèn)為細(xì)胞壁轉(zhuǎn)化酶使蔗糖在源和庫之間形成了濃度梯度,是蔗糖卸載的關(guān)鍵酶。細(xì)胞壁轉(zhuǎn)化酶主要作用于質(zhì)外體卸載(Wobus和Weber,1999;Weschke等,2003)
123.3液泡轉(zhuǎn)化酶有利于成熟器官液泡積累蔗糖a.蔗糖進(jìn)入液泡具有代謝上的雙重作用(Tauberger等,1999)b.液泡轉(zhuǎn)化酶通過液泡的蔗糖循環(huán),調(diào)節(jié)蔗糖從葉片輸入液泡的有效性(Scholes等,1996)c.液泡轉(zhuǎn)化酶在控制一些庫組織的糖分平衡以及保持膨壓上扮演重要角色(Koch和Zeng,2002)
133.4轉(zhuǎn)化酶調(diào)節(jié)淀粉合成a.蔗糖和淀粉的代謝直接相關(guān),而轉(zhuǎn)化酶則被認(rèn)為是控制淀粉合成的關(guān)鍵酶(Tiessen等,2002)b.轉(zhuǎn)化酶活性與玉米子房的淀粉量有關(guān)(Zinselmeieretal.,1999)c.細(xì)胞壁轉(zhuǎn)化酶活性的下降導(dǎo)致花藥淀粉含量下降的(SheoranandSaini,1996;Dorionetal.,1996)
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153.5一些轉(zhuǎn)化酶基因參于病原防治a.植物受到一些病菌侵染后酸性轉(zhuǎn)化酶被激活(Tang等,1996,Wacheter等,2003;Herbers和Sonnewald,1998)b.Jang和Sheen(1996)認(rèn)為防御相關(guān)的基因就是受到轉(zhuǎn)化酶參與的糖信號傳導(dǎo)途徑而被激活的c.Roitsch等(2003)則直接認(rèn)為細(xì)胞壁轉(zhuǎn)化酶不僅是糖代謝的關(guān)鍵酶,而且它同時也是一個PR(pathogenesis-related)蛋白
16植物激素細(xì)胞壁轉(zhuǎn)化酶碳水化合物狀態(tài)病菌侵染細(xì)胞壁轉(zhuǎn)化酶在植物-病原相互反應(yīng)中的功能模擬圖JournalofExperimentalBotany,vol.54,382
173.6細(xì)胞壁轉(zhuǎn)化酶與抗衰老有關(guān)在SAG12啟動子下抑制衰老進(jìn)程轉(zhuǎn)化酶基因超量表達(dá)葉片衰老異常延遲抑制表達(dá)Cytokinin不再抑制衰老細(xì)胞壁轉(zhuǎn)化酶是抑制衰老必不可少的因子(MariaEncarnacionetal.,2004)
18轉(zhuǎn)基因(SAG12:Cin1)抑制煙草葉片的衰老Theplantcell,16:1276-1287,2004
193.7酸性轉(zhuǎn)化酶與植物的非生物(干旱)抗性有關(guān)a.酶的活性測定結(jié)果顯示,干旱下蔗糖的積累是由于轉(zhuǎn)化酶的活性下降所致(Sheoran和Saini,1996;Zinselmeier等1999)b.玉米研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),干旱情況下轉(zhuǎn)化酶的活性下降恰好發(fā)生在花藥敗育開始之前(Dorion等,1996)c.干旱脅迫下玉米葉片組織中己糖的積累伴隨著液泡轉(zhuǎn)化酶活性的大量誘導(dǎo)(Pelleschi等,1999),并發(fā)現(xiàn)干旱下轉(zhuǎn)化酶活性QTL與Ivr2連鎖
20滲透調(diào)節(jié)信號損傷細(xì)胞壁轉(zhuǎn)化酶液泡轉(zhuǎn)化酶干旱抗性細(xì)胞分裂&膨大調(diào)控干旱解毒反應(yīng)信號生長抑制損傷控制和修復(fù)滲透平衡轉(zhuǎn)化酶在植物干旱脅迫應(yīng)對機(jī)制中的作用-理想模式圖
213.8轉(zhuǎn)化酶在信號傳導(dǎo)中的作用a.轉(zhuǎn)化酶基因的表達(dá)受植物激素、非生物信號、致病信號的調(diào)控(Longetal.,2002;Trouverieetal.,2003;Roitschetal.,2000)b.由轉(zhuǎn)化酶水解而來的己糖調(diào)控參與合成或感應(yīng)激素的基因的表達(dá)(Rollandetal.,2002;Gibsonetal.,2004)
22蔗糖轉(zhuǎn)化酶蔗糖合成酶果糖葡萄糖果糖UDP葡萄糖己糖信號?己糖信號蔗糖信號CurrentOpinioninPlantBiology,2004,7:235-246蔗糖裂解酶與糖信號傳播途徑
234轉(zhuǎn)化酶基因的進(jìn)化a.酸性轉(zhuǎn)化酶與來自呼吸真菌(酵母)和需氧細(xì)菌的轉(zhuǎn)化酶有著密切的關(guān)系(Sturm和Chrispeels,1990)液泡類型的轉(zhuǎn)化酶源于細(xì)胞壁轉(zhuǎn)化酶(Nielsen等,1997;Tague等,1990)b.中性/堿性轉(zhuǎn)化酶與光合細(xì)菌的轉(zhuǎn)化酶密切相關(guān)(Vargas等,2003)
24原始真核細(xì)胞光合細(xì)菌類低等藻類以及高等植物自養(yǎng)型-合成蔗糖中性/堿性轉(zhuǎn)化酶-胞質(zhì)的酸性轉(zhuǎn)化酶-細(xì)胞壁-液泡中性/堿性轉(zhuǎn)化酶-胞質(zhì)的呼吸非光合的真核細(xì)胞酸性轉(zhuǎn)化酶-細(xì)胞壁-液泡(?)真細(xì)菌酸性轉(zhuǎn)化酶質(zhì)膜異養(yǎng)型-消耗蔗糖獲得線粒體獲得葉綠體轉(zhuǎn)化酶基因的進(jìn)化過程
25謝謝感謝