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1、TheTwoMeaningsofthePā?iTermpa??akaALLANR.BOMHARDCharleston,SCAsiswellknown,thePā?itermpa??akahastwodifferentmeanings.Thefirstis‘eunuch.’Thismeaningisnotindoubt.Indeed,relatedtermsarefoundinseveralIndo-Aryanlanguages(cf.Turner1966:435,no.7717,pa??á-[m.]
2、‘a(chǎn)eunuch,weakling’;Monier-Williams1899:580;Childers1875:328):Sanskrit:pa??á-?(m.)‘a(chǎn)eunuch,weakling’;pá??aka-?(m.)‘a(chǎn)eunuch,weakling’;pá??aga-?(m.)(probably)‘a(chǎn)eunuch,weakling’;pa??ra-?(m.)‘a(chǎn)eunuch,impotentman’;pa??raka-?(m.)‘a(chǎn)eunuch,impotentman.’Pā?i:pa?
3、?aka-(m.)‘a(chǎn)eunuch,weakling’;pa??ikā(f.).Prakrit:pa??a-,pa??aga-,pa??aya-(m.)‘a(chǎn)eunuch,weakling.’TheIndo-AryantermsareusuallytakentobeloanwordsfromDravidian(cf.Mayrhofer1956—1980.II:196;Burrow1973:384):Tamilpe?‘woman,’pe??u‘woman,wife,’pe??an,pe??akan,pe
4、??akam‘hermaphrodite,eunuch,’pe??an‘effeminateman,’pē?i‘hermaphrodite’;Malayalampe?‘a(chǎn)female,especiallyafemalechild,girl,’pe??an‘effeminate’;Kanna?ape?,pe??u,pe??a‘female,woman,’pe?tana‘stateofbeingafemale,femininecharacterorbehavior’;Telugupe??i‘woman,
5、’pē?i‘eunuch’;etc.(cf.Burrow—Emeneau1984:388,no.4395).Thatthereisasecondmeaningisalsonotindispute.However,what,exactly,thatmeaningishasbeenthesourceofcontroversy.Accordingtooneinterpretation,thesecondmeaningofpa??akais‘malehomosexual.’Thiscannotpossibl
6、ybecorrectandisbaseduponacriticalmisinterpretationofakeytext,namely,thestoryaboutapa??aka1whowasordainedasaBhikkhuandwho,overcomebysexualdesire,wentaroundtryingtopersuadeotherBhikkhusandlaypersonstosodomizehim.Afterseverallaypersons2didso,theSa?ghawasc
7、riticizedforallowingsuchapersontobeordainedasaBhikkhu.WhenthiscametotheBuddha’sattention,Heforbadepa??akasfrombeingordainedandorderedthepa??akainquestiontobeexpelledfromtheSa?gha.3AsnotedbyKelvinWong(2005),itisclearfromthePā?iTipi?ikathattheBuddhawasaw
8、areofthedifferencebetweeneunuchs,hermaphrodites,andhomosexuals.1ABuddhistMonk.ABuddhistNuniscalleda‘Bhikkhunī’.2TheBuddhistMonasticOrder.3ThecanonicalscripturesofTheravādinBuddhism,preservedintheMiddleIndo-Aryanlanguagenowknownas“Pā?i,”
