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1、TwotheoriesofagingTherearefewcertainthingsinlife,andagingisoneofthemCatalog3Telomere&telomerase12Free-radicaltheoryofagingTheiroppositeanduniformityTelomere&telomerase1Atelomereisaregionofrepetitivenucleotidesequencesateachendofachromosome,whichprotectstheendofthechromosome
2、fromdeteriorationorfromfusionwithneighboringchromosomes.DiscoveryIntheearly1970s,RussiantheoristAlexeiOlovnikovfirstrecognizedthatchromosomescouldnotcompletelyreplicatetheirends.In1975–1977,ElizabethBlackburndiscoveredtheunusualnatureoftelomeres,withtheirsimplerepeatedDNAse
3、quencescomposingchromosomeends.ElizabethBlackburn,CarolGreider,andJackSzostakwereawardedthe2009NobelPrizeinPhysiologyorMedicineforthediscoveryofhowchromosomesareprotectedbytelomeresandtheenzymetelomerase5‘3‘repeatedDNAsequences5’-CCCCAACCCCAACCCCAACCCCAACCCCAA-----3’3’-GGGG
4、TTGGGGTTGGGGTTGGGGTTGGGGTT-------5’telomerechromosomeDNAtelomereTelomereendsfoldedbackstructureKnown,up-to-datetelomerenucleotidesequencesarelistedinTelomereDBwebsite.SomeknowntelomerenucleotidesequencesGroupOrganismTelomericrepeat(5'to3'towardtheend)VertebratesHuman,mouse,
5、XenopusTTAGGGFilamentousfungiNeurosporacrassaTTAGGGSlimemouldsPhysarum,DidymiumTTAGGGDictyosteliumAG(1-8)KinetoplastidprotozoaTrypanosoma,CrithidiaTTAGGGCiliateprotozoaTetrahymena,GlaucomaTTGGGGParameciumTTGGG(T/G)Oxytricha,Stylonychia,EuplotesTTTTGGGGApicomplexanprotozoaPl
6、asmodiumTTAGGG(T/C)HigherplantsArabidopsisthalianaTTTAGGGGreenalgaeChlamydomonasTTTTAGGGInsectsBombyxmoriTTAGGRoundwormsAscarislumbricoidesTTAGGCFissionyeastsSchizosaccharomycespombeTTAC(A)(C)G(1-8)BuddingyeastsSaccharomycescerevisiaeTGTGGGTGTGGTG(fromRNAtemplate) orG(2-3)(
7、TG)(1-6)T(consensus)SaccharomycescastelliiTCTGGGTGCandidaglabrataGGGGTCTGGGTGCTGCandidaalbicansGGTGTACGGATGTCTAACTTCTTCandidatropicalisGGTGTA[C/A]GGATGTCACGATCATTCandidamaltosaGGTGTACGGATGCAGACTCGCTTCandidaguillermondiiGGTGTACCandidapseudotropicalisGGTGTACGGATTTGATTAGTTATGT
8、KluyveromyceslactisGGTGTACGGATTTGATTAGGTATGTRelationshipbetweentelomerelengthandce
