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1、外文翻譯原文IndustryClustersandIndustryClusterAnalysisMaterialSource:RegionalEconomicDevelopment,SecondEditionAuthor:Robert?J.?Stimson,Roger?R.?StoughandBrian?H.?Roberts6.3.2AttributesofClustersTherearethreesignificantattributesassociatedwithcontemporarynotionsofindustryclusters:(a)S
2、haredend-markets.Thistypicallyincludescompaniesthatproducesimilargoodsforseveralmarkets,andhavesimilarrelationshipswithcustomers,withotherindustries,wholesaleretailtradesectorsordirectlywithconsumers.Endcustomerscanbeseparatedintobuyersthatselltheirproductstowholesalersorinterm
3、ediaries.(b)Strongbuyer-supplierlinkages.Clusterstendtohaveimportantrelationshipswithsuppliers.Thischaracteristichasbecomemoreimportantasindustrieshavedecreasedtheirdegreeofverticalintegrationandout-sourcedinputsintoproduction.(c)Sharedtechnologyandknow-how.Clustersarelikelytos
4、haretechnologies,informationandskillsintheirwork.Thisisparticularlytrueonknowledge-basedindustrieswhereacloseassociationofskilledworkershelpstocreateasynergyofnewideasandfosterinnovation.Sharedoccupationalcharacteristicsareimportantasanindicatoroftechnologyutilizationasalargepa
5、rtofalltechnologytransfertakesplacethroughthehiringofskilledworkers.InregionssuchasCalifornia’sSiliconValleyintheSanFranciscoBayArea,themobilityofworkersbetweenmembercompaniesinanindustrialclusterisoneoftheprimarymodesoftechnologydiffusion,despiteattemptstoholdstaffandvaluablei
6、ntellectualpropertythroughhighindustrypensionsandotherattractiveincentives.6.3.3.TheRoleofClustersandtheEconomicDevelopmentProcessMuchoftheresearchontheappropriateroleofindustryclustersintheeconomicdevelopmentprocesshasbeenfocusedonthedefinitionofacluster(JacobsanddeMan1996;Roe
7、landtetal1997;Rosenfeld1997).Whilenosingledefinitionhascometodominateintheliterature,theroleofeconomicdevelopmentpolicyinresponsetoclustershasconcentratedaroundtheimportanceofdifferingpolicyapproachesfordifferingclusters.Thetypesofinter-firmlinkages,numberandscopeofindustriesre
8、presentedinthecluster,clusterorientation(networkorhub-
