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1、HowcanthequaIityofraiIservicesinTokyobefurtherimproved?AbstractThisstudyaimstoexaminethepreconditionsthataffectthequalityofrailwayservicesinTokyoanditspolicyimplications.Objectiveevaluationofthequalitymakesitclearthatfurtherinvestmenttoimproveitisnecessaryinthefuture,andthatpassengersarewillingtopa
2、yforit.However,someclassicfeaturesofrailwaysinTokyohinderimprovement.Particularly,theirorganizationalstructure,characterizedasterritorialfragmentation,makesitdifficulttointernalizetheexternal"network1effectandmaximizeusers'benefitsonametropolitanscale.Therefore,transportpolicyneedstotransformrailwa
3、yorganizationstomakefurtherinvestmentsefficientlyfromasocialcost/benefitpointofview?Further,itisalsoessentialtodevisenewmethodologiestostimulateservicepromotionofrailwaysasaprivatebusiness,includingfinancialsupportforinvestmentandorganizationaltransformation.2001ElsevierScienceLtd.Allrightsreserved
4、.Keywords:Urbanrailway;Servicequality;Externalnetworkeffect;Incentivesformakinginvestment1.IntroductionPublictransportisregardedasonevitalelementincreatingsustainablecitiesthathaveeasyaccessibilityfortheagedandareenvironmentallyfriendlyconcerningenergyconsumption.Assuch,railwaysinTokyowillplayaness
5、entialroleinfutureoftheso-calledvmaturedsociety；becauseasubstantialproportionofmobilitydependsonthem.Inspiteofthis,ithasbeenwidelydiscussedthatthelevelofservicesofrailwaysinTokyoisconsideredunsatisfactory,comparedwithother"WorldCitiessuchasNewYork,LondonandParis(LondonResearchCentre,1999).Itmeanst
6、hatrailwayservicesofTokyoarecharacterizedby"congestion1incarsandstations,despitehavingacomparativelyhighlevelofpunctuality,reliabilityandfrequency.Thus,asrelievingcongestioniscloselyassociatedwithqualityoflifeandsustainabledevelopment(Onishi,1993),itshouldbethefocalpointofpolicyissuediscussionsconc
7、erningtransportandregionalplanninginTokyo.DespitetheurgentneedtopromotequalityoflifeandsustainablecitystructuresthroughpublictransportandrailwaypoliciesinTokyo,littleattempthasyetbeenmadetoexamineessentialp
