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1、ThomasMalthus(1766-1834)ThomasMalthuswaseducatedathome,until1784hegotadmissionfromUniversityofCambridgeJesusCollege.In1791hereceivedamaster'sdegree,andinthetwoyearsafterhewaselectedtotheJesusacademy.In1797hewasordainedasanAnglicanpriestinthevillage.In180
2、5hebecamethefirstprofessorofpoliticaleconomyattheEastIndiaCompanycollege.ThePrincipleofPopulationMalthus'sthoughtwastoalargeextentonhisfatherandfriends(suchasRousseau)optimisticthoughtreactionary.SomeofhisarticlesistheresponsetoCondorcet.On“ThePrincipleo
3、fPopulation”,Malthusmadeafamousprophecy:populationgrowthbeyondthefoodsupplypercapita,leadstoreducedfood.Demographictheoryis:ifthereisnolimit,populationisanexponentialrate(i.e.:2,4,8,16,32,64128)growth,andfoodsupplyislinearrate(i.e.:1,2,3,4,5,6,7)growthMa
4、lthushasbecomewidelyknownforhistheoriesaboutpopulationanditsincreaseordecreaseinresponsetovariousfactors.ThesixeditionsohisAnEssayonthePrincipleofPopulation,publishedfrom1798to1826,observedthatsoonerorlaterpopulationgetscheckedbyfamineanddisease.Malthusr
5、egardedidealsoffutureimprovementinthelotofhumanitywithskepticism,consideringthatthroughouthistoryasegmentofeveryhumanpopulationseemedrelegatedtopoverty.Malthus'sbasicthesisisthetrendthatthepopulationgrowthoverthefoodsupplygrowth.AnEssayonthePrincipleofPo
6、pulationMalthusarguedthattwotypesofchecksholdpopulationwithinresourcelimits:positivechecks,whichraisethedeathrate(includehunger,diseaseandwar).preventivechecks,whichlowerthebirthrate.(abortion,birthcontrol,prostitution,postponementofmarriageandcelibacy).
7、“Ihavecalledthisprinciple,bywhicheachslightvariation,ifuseful,ispreserved,bythetermNaturalSelection.”CharlesDarwinwasbornonFebruary12,1809inShrewsbury,England.DarwinwastheBritishnaturalistwhobecamefamousforhistheoriesofevolutionandnaturalselection.Darwin
8、believedallthelifeonearthevolved(developedgradually)overmillionsofyearsfromafewcommonancestors.CharlesDarwinDarwinsethistheoriesforthinhisbookcalled,OntheOriginofSpeciesbyMeansofNaturalSelection.AfterpublicationofOriginofS
