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1、PeterNewmark“V”DiagramTranslationMethodsAboutTranslation《論翻譯》ApproachestoTranslation《翻譯探索》ATextbookofTranslation《翻譯教程》紐馬克提出將文本劃分為三大類：表達(dá)型文本(expressivetext)信息型文本(informativetext)號召型文本(vocativetext)PeterNewmark表達(dá)型文本（強(qiáng)調(diào)原作者的權(quán)威地位）嚴(yán)肅文學(xué)作品（抒情詩小說戲劇）權(quán)威言論（領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人政治演說）自傳隨筆個人通信等信息型文本（強(qiáng)調(diào)“真實(shí)性”）教材專
2、業(yè)報告報刊文章學(xué)術(shù)論文/著會議紀(jì)要等號召型文本（號召讀者思考感受，并作出反應(yīng)或采取行動）告示說明書廣告宣傳勸導(dǎo)性文字通俗小說等語義翻譯交際翻譯SLTextemphasisTLemphasisWordforwordAdaptationLiteraltranslationFreetranslationFaithfultranslationIdiomatictranslationSemantictranslationCommunicativetranslation“V”DiagramSLTextemphasisTLemphasisWordforwordAd
3、aptationLiteraltranslationFreetranslationFaithfultranslationIdiomatictranslationSemantictranslationCommunicativetranslationSLTextemphasisTLemphasisWordforwordAdaptationLiteraltranslationFreetranslationFaithfultranslationIdiomatictranslationSemantictranslationCommunicativetransl
4、ationSLTextemphasisTLemphasisWordforwordAdaptationLiteraltranslationFreetranslationFaithfultranslationIdiomatictranslationSemantictranslationCommunicativetranslationSLTextemphasisTLemphasisWordforwordAdaptationLiteraltranslationFreetranslationFaithfultranslationIdiomatictransla
5、tionSemantictranslationCommunicativetranslationSLTextemphasisTLemphasisWordforwordAdaptationLiteraltranslationFreetranslationFaithfultranslationIdiomatictranslationSemantictranslationCommunicativetranslation★Word-for-wordTranslation★L(fēng)iteralTranslation★FaithfulTranslation★FreeTr
6、anslation★Adaptation★IdiomaticTranslation★SemanticTranslation★CommunicativeTranslationTranslationMethodsWord-for-wordTranslation逐字翻譯TheSLword-orderispreservedandthewordstranslatedsinglybytheirmostcommonmeanings,outofcontext.例1：IfMainStreetdidn’tunderstandthis,WallStreetdid.原譯：如
7、果主街不理解，華爾街是理解的。改譯：這一點(diǎn)，一般人不理解，華爾街那些大老板們卻是明白的。例2：Heisasgoodasdead.原譯：他同死一樣好。改譯：他幾乎死去。LiteralTranslation直譯TheSLgrammaticalconstructionsareconvertedtotheirnearestTLequivalentsbutthelexicalwordsareagaintranslatedsingly,outofcontext.當(dāng)譯出語和譯入語在引申義和語用上相吻合時，可采用直譯。直譯要求再現(xiàn)原文的思想內(nèi)容和藝術(shù)風(fēng)格，要求保存原
8、文的語法結(jié)構(gòu)和基本句型，要求保存原文的比喻形象和修辭色彩，總之，直譯要求雙語在詞語形式上和句法結(jié)構(gòu)上的對應(yīng)和
