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1、Lesson1Thegreatestachievementofhumaninitslongevolutionfromancienthominoidancestortoitspresentstatusistheacquisitionandaccumulationofavastbodyofknowledgeaboutitself,theworld,andtheuniverse.Theproductsofthisknowledgeareallthosethingsthat,intheaggregate,wecall“civilization”,including
2、language,science,literature,art,allthephysicalmechanisms,instruments,andstructuresweuse,andthephysicalinfrastructuresonwhichsocietyrelies.Mostofusassumethatinmodernsocietyknowledgeofallkindsiscontinuallyincreasingandtheaggregationofnewinformationintothecorpusofoursocialorcollectiv
3、eknowledgeissteadilyreducingtheareaofignoranceaboutourselves,theworld,andtheuniverse.Butcontinuingremindersofthenumerousareasofourpresentignoranceinviteacriticalanalysisofthisassumption.人類從古代的類人猿祖先發(fā)展到現(xiàn)狀的及其漫長的過程中的最大成就是獲取并積累了大量關(guān)于自身、世界和宇宙的知識??偟膩碚f,我們將這種知識的所有產(chǎn)物稱之為“文明”,包括語言、科學、文學、藝術(shù),我們所
4、應用的所有物理學、工具、結(jié)構(gòu),以及社會所以存的物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)。大多數(shù)人認為,隨著現(xiàn)代社會各種知識不斷增加新信息不斷積聚,我們對自身、世界、宇宙的未知正在穩(wěn)步減少。但是,人類至今對諸多領(lǐng)域的無知使得我們要對這種觀點進行批判分析。Lesson2Moreover,beforelamentingmodularization,itisnecessarytoaskourselveswhetherwereallywouldprefertoreturntothetraditionalconditionofmaninwhicheachindividualpresumablyrel
5、atedtothewholepersonalityofafewpeopleratherthantothepersonalitymodulesofmany.Traditionalmanhasbeensosentimentalized,socloyinglyromanticized,thatwefrequentlyoverlooktheconsequencesofsuchareturn.Theverysamewriterswholamentfragmentationalsodemandfreedom—yetoverlooktheun-freedomofpeop
6、leboundtogetherintotalisticrelationship.Foranyrelationshipimpliesmutualdemandsandexpectations.Themoreintimatelyinvolvedarelationship,thegreaterthepressurethepartiesexertononeanothertofulfilltheseexpectations.Thetighterandmoretotalistictherelationship,themoremodules,sotospeak,arebr
7、oughtintoplay,andthemorenumerousarethedemandswemake.此外,我們在惋惜感嘆模塊化之前有必要自問我們是否真的愿意回歸傳統(tǒng),每個人只與少數(shù)幾個人做全面深入的了解接觸而不是與眾多的人做有限的接觸。傳統(tǒng)的人流于感傷,多生浪漫,以至于我們經(jīng)常忽略其帶來的后果。那個哀嘆人際破碎的作者同樣需要自由,只是他忽略了嚴格人際關(guān)系下人的不自由。人際關(guān)系意味著彼此的需求與期望。私交越親密意味著彼此實現(xiàn)這些期望的壓力越大??梢赃@么說,嚴格完整模塊化的人際關(guān)系能夠更有效地滿足我們更多的需求。Inamodularrelationship
8、,thedemandsarestrictlybounded.Sol